Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind

Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (風の谷のナウシカ, Kaze no Tani no Naushika) is a animated post-apocalyptic fantasy adventure film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, that premiered March 11, 1984. Isao Takahata produced the film for publisher Tokuma Shoten and advertising agency Hakuhodo, with Topcraft animating. It was screen alongside two compilation movies for "Sherlock Hound", "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle" and "Treasure Under the Sea".

It is based on Miyazaki's manga of the same name, first serialized on "Animage" magazine on February 4, 1982 and completed on March 1994. The story itself was inspired by the 1971 comic "Rowlf" by American cartoonist Richard Corben, while the name "Nausicaä" was derived from the Greek epic "Odysseus". Miyazaki also admitted being strongly inspired by the works of Jean Giraud Moebius, as seen in the documentary, "Ghibli: The Miyazaki Temple". The movie has environmentalist undertones and was presented by the World Wide Fund for Nature when it was released in 1984.

"Nausicaä" is ranked as one of the 50 greatest science fiction films by the Internet Movie Database. While created before Studio Ghibli was founded, the film is often considered to be the beginning of the studio because of the involvement of Studio Ghibli's Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata, Toshio Suzuki, Hideaki Anno and Joe Hisaishi. It is often included as part of the Studio's works, including the Studio Ghibli Collection DVDs and Blu-Rays.

Joe Hisaishi composed the film's musical score. The film stars the voices of Sumi Shimamoto, Goro Naya, Yoji Matsuda, Yoshiko Sakakibara and Iemasa Kayumi.

The movie won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1984. In December 2019, the film was adapted to Kabuki by Shinbashi Enbujō. The film also inspired the Tokusatsu tribute short, "Giant God Warrior Appears in Tokyo", directed by Hideaki Anno and released in July 10, 2012.

At the time of its theatrical release, it was screened on 35mm film and the audio was in mono.

The Princess Who Loved Insects
One thousand years have passed since the Seven Days of Fire, an apocalyptic war which destroyed human civilization and most of the Earth's original ecosystem. Scattered human settlements survive, isolated from one another by the Sea of Decay. The Sea of Decay is a jungle of giant plants and fungi swarming with giant insects, which seem to come together only to wage war. Everything in the Sea of Decay, including the air, is lethally toxic.

Nausicaä is the agile and cheerful young princess of the peaceful Valley of the Wind. Although a skillful fighter, Miyazaki's Nausicaä is humane and peace-loving. She has an unusual gift for communicating with the giant insects (particularly with the Ohm, the gigantic, armored, caterpillar-like insects who are the most intelligent creatures in the Sea of Decay). She is also noted for her empathy toward animals, humans, and other beings. An intelligent girl, and inspired by the mentor figure Yupa, a wandering samurai type possessed of great wisdom, Nausicaä frequently explores the Sea of Decay and conducts scientific experiments in an attempt to define the true nature and origins of the toxic world in which she lives. Her explorations are facilitated by her skill at "windriding"; flying with an advanced glider-like craft with a jet assist called a möwe. Yupa is searching for the mythological man in blue who, according to the legend, will appear surrounded by a sea of gold and reunite the people and nature.

Annihilation of Pejite
One day, an airship (a kind of large cargo airplane) crashes onto the cliffs near the Valley of the Wind. Nausicaä tries to rescue a hand-cuffed girl of her age from the burning wreck, but she dies after telling that she is Princess Lastelle from the kingdom Pejite and that the cargo of the airship must be destroyed. The airship is from Tolmekia and the cargo turns out to be a God Warrior (kyoshinhei embryo, Giant Warrior in the English release), one of the lethal, giant, biological weapons used in the ancient war.

It is later revealed that the God Warrior embryo was unearthed by Pejite, but it was stolen by the more powerful state of Tolmekia (Tormekia in the manga). While transporting the Warrior back to their realm, the Tolmekians were attacked by insects and subsequently crash-land in the Valley. The very next day, the Tolmekians, under the leadership of princess Kushana, invade the Valley to kill the Valley king and to secure and revive the Warrior. Kushana explains that the God Warrior will be used to burn the Sea of Decay, although Obaba, an old and blind Valley woman warns that attempting so will only enrage the Ohm and lead to more deaths.

Invasion of Kushana
Kushana attempts to return to Tolmekia, with Nausicaä and several others as hostages. Before their departure, Nausicaä reveals to Yupa a hidden garden of jungle plants, that are not toxic because they are growing in sand and water from a deep well. Nausicaä explains that the jungle is only toxic due to the toxic soil that is everywhere on the surface of the earth. The airships with Kushana and Nausicaä are attacked by a Pejitan gunship and several of the ships are forced to make an emergency landing in the Sea of Decay. There, Nausicaä communicates with several ohm and discovers that the pilot of the Pejitan gunship is still alive. With the help of her glider, Nausicaä rescues the pilot from a swarm of enraged insects. However, they crash and end up in a strange, non-toxic world that is below the Sea of Decay; the plants in the Sea of Decay purify the polluted soil, and in this way produce clean water and sand, which remains hidden in this underground world. The pilot turns out to be Asbel of Pejite, the twin brother of princess Lastelle.

Nausicaä and Asbel return to Pejite, which turns out to be destroyed after the Pejite people lured the insects from the Sea of Decay into their town in order to kill the occupying Tolmekian forces. The Pejite people reveal that they will do the same thing to the Valley of the Winds in order to recapture the God Warrior. To prevent Nausicaä from alerting the Tolmekians, they capture her, but she escapes with the help of Asbel. With a gunship, she returns to the Valley, but along the way they encounter an enormous herd of enraged Ohm who are on their way towards an injured baby Ohm, which is used by the Pejite people to lure the Ohm to the Valley. Nausicaä releases the baby Ohm and gains its trust.

Resurrection of the God Warrior
In the meantime, the Tolmekians try stopping the herd with armored vehicles they brought with them but to no effect, later Kushana arrives with the God Warrior to stop the Ohm herd, but the Warrior, woken too early, dies in the process. However, Nausicaä, with the baby Ohm, is finally able to stop the Ohm herd, but she is overrun and slain in the process. In front of the Valley people and the Tolmekian forces, the Ohm use their gold-colored tentacles to revive Nausicaä, whose dress has turned blue by the baby Ohm's blood; thus Nausicaä turns out to be the mythological "man" in blue mentioned in the beginning. The film ends with fragments of a future where people and insects live in peace with each other.

The story holds deeper meaning than its depiction of war; there are both environmental and ecological subtexts in Miyazaki's narrative. Even the insects seem to be working toward some secret harmony and the lethal fungal forest seems to have a vital role in Earth's new ecosystem.

Influences
The film and its manga counterpart were originally inspired by the 1971 underground comic "Rowlf" by American cartoonist Richard Corben, which is about ​​"a princess carrying the fate of a small country." The story is set in the Medieval kingdom of Canisland, where Rowlf is devoted to his large-breasted mistress Maryara, and hostile towards her suitor, Raymon. Miyazaki proposed to Tokyo Movie Shinsha to acquire the copyright for "Rowlf".

Miyazaki modeled Nausicaä from the "The Lady Who Loved Insects" (虫めづる姫君, Mushi-mezuru Himegimi), a twelfth-century Japanese tale of one who defies social convention and breaches the decorum expected of a Heian court lady. It is one of ten short stories in the collection Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari. The name "Nausicaä" is derived from the Greek epic of "Odysseus". Some of the names of people and places that appear in both the film and the manga resemble actual historical matters. For example, Kushan is the name of the Indian dynasty (Kushan dynasty), the name "Hephthalite" is the name of an actual nomadic race, and Miralpa is based on a real Tibetan Buddhist practitioner (Milarepa).

Miyazaki fondly remembers the line where the forest moves when he read "Macbeth" as a child, and has carried this idea in wanting to write a story that dealt with plants.

Miyazaki also took inspiration from René Laloux animated film "Fantastic Planet " (1973) and manga artists Osamu Tezuka, Daijiro Moroboshi (particularly Moroboshi's gritty style). He was also strongly influenced by French cartoonist Jean Giraud Moebius's "Arzach" (1975), of which Miyazaki admitted while speaking with Moebius during a joint exhibition in France. These events can be seen in the 2005 documentary, "Ghibli: The Miyazaki Temple". In addition, Miyazaki derived ideas from Sasuke Nakao's "East Asian evergreen forest culture theory" which establishes the relationship between the syvash (Putrid Sea or Rotten Sea) and humanity.

Other influences include various SF novels such as Pastel City by M. John Harrison, "Long Afternoon of Earth," by Brian Aldiss and "Dune" by Frank Herbert.

Real life
Miyazaki cites that the Valley of the Wind is inspired by Central Asia, notably the rotting sea of Syvash in Crimea, Ukraine. There is a place called the "Valley of the Winds" on Mount Olga (Kata Tjuta) in Australia, but according to Studio Ghibli, it is not relevant. Miyazaki's first serialized manga "Desert People" is also set in Central Asia, which features the royal capital of Pejite.

Behind the Scenes
Hayao Miyazaki made his credited directorial debut in 1979 with "The Castle of Cagliostro", a film which was a distinct departure from the antics of the Lupin III franchise, but still went on to receive the Ofuji Noburo Award at the 1979 Mainichi Film Concours. Although Cagliostro was not a box office success, Toshio Suzuki, editor of the magazine Animage, was impressed by the film and encouraged Miyazaki to produce works for Animage's publisher, Tokuma Shoten. Miyazaki's film ideas were rejected, and Tokuma asked him to do a manga: this led to the creation of "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind".

Miyazaki began writing and drawing the manga in 1979, and it quickly became Animage's most popular feature. Hideo Ogata and Yasuyoshi Tokuma, the founders of Animage and Tokuma Shoten respectively, encouraged Miyazaki to work on a film adaptation. Miyazaki initially refused, but agreed on the condition that he could direct.

In the early stages, Isao Takahata, credited as executive producer, reluctantly joined the project even before the animation studio was chosen. An outside studio to produce the film was needed because Tokuma Shoten did not own an animation studio: Miyazaki and Takahata chose the minor studio Topcraft. The production studio's work was known to both Miyazaki and Takahata and was chosen because its artistic talent could transpose the sophisticated atmosphere of the manga to the film.

Production
On 31 May 1983, work began on the pre-production of the film. Miyazaki encountered difficulties in creating the screenplay, with only sixteen chapters of the manga to work with. Miyazaki would take elements of the story and refocus the narrative and characters to the Tolmekian invasion of Nausicaä's homeland. Takahata would enlist the experimental and minimalist composer Joe Hisaishi to do the score for the film.

Nausicaä was produced with animators hired for the one movie and paid per frame. One notable animator was Hideaki Anno, who later produced "Neon Genesis Evangelion" and the 2012 Tokusatsu tribute film "Giant God Warrior Appears in Tokyo". Anno was assigned to draw the challenging God Warrior's attack sequence, which according to Toshio Suzuki is a "high point in the film".

The film was released in March 1984, with a production schedule of only nine months and with a budget equivalent to $1 million.

Release

 * 11 March 1984 - Japanese theatrical release
 * April 1984 - Japanese Laserdisc release
 * June 1985 - "Warriors of the Wind" English version
 * Winter 1991 - Japanese Newer VHS release
 * Winter 2003 - Japanese Newer VHS release
 * Winter 2005 - Release by Disney
 * May 2008 - Japanese DVD release

The film was originally released by Toei Company in Japan on March 4, 1984,and sold almost a million tickets. A heavily edited and English-dubbed version of the film was released theatrically in North America, shown on HBO and released on VHS by New World Pictures & Manson International in the 1980s as "Warriors of the Wind". According to Nausicaa.net, the voice actors and actresses were not even informed of the film's plotline and more than 30 minutes of the movie were cut from the film because New World felt that "the parts were slow moving". As a result, part of the film's narrative meaning was lost; some of the environmentalist themes were diluted as was the main subplot about the Ohm, altered to turn them into aggressive enemies. Most of the characters were renamed (for example, Nausicaä became "Princess Zandra"). The cover for the VHS release featured a cadre of male characters, who are not part of the film, riding the resurrected God Warrior — including a still-living Warrior shown briefly in a flashback. It was released around the world under various different titles, such as Sternenkrieger (literally "Star Warriors") in Germany. It was rumored that June Foray provided the voice of Zandra, though this has been proven as untrue.

Many fans of Nausicaä, along with Miyazaki himself, dislike this version; Miyazaki suggested that people should put it "out of their minds." Studio Ghibli and Miyazaki have asked fans to forget its existence and later adopted a strict "no-edits" clause for future foreign releases of its films. On hearing that Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein would try to cut Princess Mononoke to make it more marketable, one of Studio Ghibli's producers sent an authentic katana with a simple message: "No cuts".

The rating of this film is PG in both the United Kingdom and US.

An uncut and re-dubbed version of Nausicaä was released on DVD by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on February 22, 2005 for Region 1. This DVD also includes the Japanese audio track with English subtitles. Optimum Home Entertainment released the film in Region 2, and the Region 4 DVD is distributed by Madman Entertainment. The 2005 DVD version made it around the world uncut.

Manga
Miyazaki's manga version of Nausicaä was written over a period of 13 years, with breaks taken to work on Studio Ghibli films. Serialized in Tokuma Shoten's Animage magazine, the first chapter was published in February 1982, and the last chapter in March 1994. As can be expected, the story of the manga is far more complex than that of the film. The tale depicted in the film roughly corresponds to only the first quarter of the manga (which is all that had been written at the time the film was produced), with significant differences in plot.

In addition to the plot, there are other significant differences in the story – the characters are more developed and the environmentalist tone is more sophisticated, echoed in the complex worldview of Princess Mononoke. Nausicaä herself is portrayed as being much more potent, with abilities that are not always explained.

The Nausicaä manga is published in English by VIZ Media. Earlier editions of the English manga and fan translations often used the title Nausicaä of the Valley of Wind, omitting the definite article.